How to Build a Classic Snake Game Using HTML and JavaScript (With Code Example)

Introduction

In this article, I’ll show you how to create a classic Snake game using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. We’ll use HTML and CSS for the layout and style, and JavaScript to bring the game to life by controlling the snake's movement, detecting collisions, and updating the score.

Snake Game Setup

HTML: Set up the basic structure with a <canvas> for the game area and a score display.
CSS: Add minimal styling to center the game and make it visually appealing.
JavaScript: Define the game logic, including the snake's movement, food generation, collision detection, and score updates.

HTML Code

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Snake Game</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Snake Game</h1>
    <canvas id="gameCanvas"></canvas>
    <button class="retry" onclick="restartGame()">Try Again</button>
    <p>Score: <span id="score">0</span></p>
    <script src="script.js"></script>
</body>

CSS Code

The CSS centers the game elements on the page and adds some styling to canvas and the "Try Again" button, which appears when the game ends.

body {
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: center;
            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
            background-color: #333;
            color: #fff;
        }

        h1 {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }

        canvas {
            border: 2px solid #3725db;
            background-color: #000;
        }

        p {
            font-size: 1.5em;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }

        /* Style the Try Again button */
        .retry {
            display: none;
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            padding: 15px 30px;
            font-size: 1.5em;
            color: #fff;
            background-color: #ff6347;
            border: none;
            border-radius: 10px;
            cursor: pointer;
        }

        .retry:hover {
            background-color: #ff4500;
        }

JavaScript Game Logic

The game logic is handled in the script.js file.

Initialize and Setup the Game Canvas and Variables

The code first gets the HTML canvas element (gameCanvas) and sets up the 2D drawing context (ctx).
Game variables like boxsize, score, snake, direction, food, and game are defined.

The initializeGame function sets up the initial game state with a starting snake position, score, and direction, and generates the first food position.

const canvas = document.getElementById("gameCanvas");
    const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
    const retryButton = document.querySelector(".retry");

    // Canvas dimensions
    canvas.width = 400;
    canvas.height = 400;

    // Game variables
    let boxSize = 20;
    let score = 0;
    let snake;
    let direction;
    let food;
    let game;

    // Initialize the game state
    function initializeGame() {
        score = 0;
        snake = [{ x: boxSize * 5, y: boxSize * 5 }];
        direction = "RIGHT";
        document.getElementById("score").innerText = score;
        food = generateFood();
    }

    // Generate random food position
    function generateFood() {
        return {
            x: Math.floor(Math.random() * (canvas.width / boxSize)) * boxSize,
            y: Math.floor(Math.random() * (canvas.height / boxSize)) * boxSize
        };
    }

Define Game Logic and Drawing

The change direction function updates the snake's direction based on arrow key inputs, ensuring it can't immediately reverse direction.
Clears the canvas, draws the food and snake, and moves the snake by updating its head position. If the snake eats the food, the score increases, and new food is generated; otherwise, the tail is removed.

The game ends if the snake collides with a wall or itself.

    // Control the snake direction with arrow keys
    document.addEventListener("keydown", changeDirection);

    function changeDirection(event) {
        if (event.key === "ArrowUp" && direction !== "DOWN") {
            direction = "UP";
        } else if (event.key === "ArrowDown" && direction !== "UP") {
            direction = "DOWN";
        } else if (event.key === "ArrowLeft" && direction !== "RIGHT") {
            direction = "LEFT";
        } else if (event.key === "ArrowRight" && direction !== "LEFT") {
            direction = "RIGHT";
        }
    }

    // Draw the game
    function draw() {
        // Clear the canvas
        ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);

        // Draw the food as a circle
        ctx.fillStyle = "red";
        ctx.beginPath();
        ctx.arc(food.x + boxSize / 2, food.y + boxSize / 2, boxSize / 2, 0, Math.PI * 2);
        ctx.fill();

        // Draw the snake as circles
        ctx.fillStyle = "lime";
        for (let segment of snake) {
            ctx.beginPath();
            ctx.arc(segment.x + boxSize / 2, segment.y + boxSize / 2, boxSize / 2, 0, Math.PI * 2);
            ctx.fill();
        }

        // Move the snake
        let head = { ...snake[0] };
        if (direction === "UP") head.y -= boxSize;
        if (direction === "DOWN") head.y += boxSize;
        if (direction === "LEFT") head.x -= boxSize;
        if (direction === "RIGHT") head.x += boxSize;

        // Add new head to the snake
        snake.unshift(head);

        // Check if the snake has eaten the food
        if (head.x === food.x && head.y === food.y) {
            score++;
            document.getElementById("score").innerText = score;
            food = generateFood();
        } else {
            // Remove the last part of the snake if no food is eaten
            snake.pop();
        }

        // Check for collision with walls or self
        if (head.x < 0 || head.x >= canvas.width || head.y < 0 || head.y >= canvas.height || isCollision(head)) {
            endGame();
        }
    }

    // Check if the snake collides with itself
    function isCollision(head) {
        for (let i = 1; i < snake.length; i++) {
            if (snake[i].x === head.x && snake[i].y === head.y) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

Game Control Functions

The endGame function stops the game loop and displays a "Retry" button, while restartGame hides the button, re-initializes the game, and starts the game loop again.

The game is initialized for the first time and starts with a 100 ms interval for each frame.

 // End the game
    function endGame() {
        clearInterval(game);
        retryButton.style.display = "block";  // Show the "Try Again" button
    }

    // Restart the game
    function restartGame() {
        retryButton.style.display = "none";  // Hide the "Try Again" button
        initializeGame();
        game = setInterval(draw, 100);  // Restart the game loop
    }

    // Start the game for the first time
    initializeGame();
    game = setInterval(draw, 100);

Output

Snake Game

Enhancements

You might include more features.

The snake's pace improves as it turns longer.
High Score Tracking: Save the high score to local storage.
Difficulty Levels: Allow the player to choose the game move from the start.
Wall-wrapping: When the snake crosses the screen border, it should show on the opposite side.